More hardening measures

debian/changelog

@@ -1,3 +1,9 @@
+jinjaturtle (0.5.7) unstable; urgency=medium
+
+  * More hardening measures
+
+ -- Miguel Jacq <mig@mig5.net>  Wed, 24 Jun 2026 16:13:00 +1000
+
 jinjaturtle (0.5.6) unstable; urgency=medium
 
   * Try to prevent what could lead to execution of embedded jinja in original files when converting

pyproject.toml

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [project]
 name = "jinjaturtle"
-version = "0.5.6"
+version = "0.5.7"
 description = "Convert config files into Ansible defaults and Jinja2 templates."
 authors = [
     { name = "Miguel Jacq", email = "mig@mig5.net" },

rpm/jinjaturtle.spec

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-%global upstream_version 0.5.6
+%global upstream_version 0.5.7
 
 Name:           jinjaturtle
 Version:        %{upstream_version}
@@ -42,6 +42,8 @@ Convert config files into Ansible defaults and Jinja2 templates.
 %{_bindir}/jinjaturtle
 
 %changelog
+* Wed Jun 24 2026 Miguel Jacq <mig@mig5.net> - %{version}-%{release}
+- More hardening
 * Tue Jun 23 2026 Miguel Jacq <mig@mig5.net> - %{version}-%{release}
 - Try to prevent what could lead to execution of embedded jinja in original files when converting
 * Sat Jun 20 2026 Miguel Jacq <mig@mig5.net> - %{version}-%{release}
@@ -55,7 +57,7 @@ Convert config files into Ansible defaults and Jinja2 templates.
 - Fix indentation problems with nested dicts
 * Fri Jun 19 2026 Miguel Jacq <mig@mig5.net> - %{version}-%{release}
 - Empty dicts and lists are now emitted as leaf defaults.
-* Tue May 11 2026 Miguel Jacq <mig@mig5.net> - %{version}-%{release}
+* Mon May 11 2026 Miguel Jacq <mig@mig5.net> - %{version}-%{release}
 - Support ssh configs
 * Tue Jan 06 2026 Miguel Jacq <mig@mig5.net> - %{version}-%{release}
 - Support converting systemd files and postfix main.cf

src/jinjaturtle/__init__.py

@@ -3,3 +3,25 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 __all__ = ["__version__"]
 
 __version__ = "0.1.0"
+
+
+def _register_yaml_unsafe_constructor() -> None:
+    """Let PyYAML SafeLoader read Ansible's !unsafe tag as a plain string.
+
+    Ansible treats !unsafe specially at runtime.  Ordinary PyYAML consumers such
+    as tests or static tooling do not know the tag by default; registering this
+    constructor keeps generated defaults inspectable without changing the YAML
+    emitted for Ansible.
+    """
+    try:
+        import yaml
+    except Exception:  # pragma: no cover - PyYAML is a required dependency
+        return
+
+    def _construct_unsafe(loader, node):
+        return loader.construct_scalar(node)
+
+    yaml.SafeLoader.add_constructor("!unsafe", _construct_unsafe)
+
+
+_register_yaml_unsafe_constructor()

src/jinjaturtle/cli.py

@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 import argparse
+import re
 import sys
-from defusedxml import defuse_stdlib
 from pathlib import Path
 
 from . import j2
@@ -19,6 +19,18 @@ from .core import (
 from .multi import process_directory
 
 
+_SAFE_ROLE_RE = re.compile(r"^[A-Za-z_][A-Za-z0-9_]*$")
+
+
+def _safe_role_name(value: str) -> str:
+    if not _SAFE_ROLE_RE.fullmatch(value):
+        raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError(
+            "role name must match ^[A-Za-z_][A-Za-z0-9_]*$ so it can never "
+            "inject template syntax"
+        )
+    return value
+
+
 def _build_arg_parser() -> argparse.ArgumentParser:
     ap = argparse.ArgumentParser(
         prog="jinjaturtle",
@@ -35,6 +47,7 @@ def _build_arg_parser() -> argparse.ArgumentParser:
         "-r",
         "--role-name",
         default="jinjaturtle",
+        type=_safe_role_name,
         help="Ansible role name, used as variable prefix (default: jinjaturtle).",
     )
     ap.add_argument(
@@ -76,7 +89,6 @@ def _build_arg_parser() -> argparse.ArgumentParser:
 
 
 def _main(argv: list[str] | None = None) -> int:
-    defuse_stdlib()
     parser = _build_arg_parser()
     args = parser.parse_args(argv)
 

src/jinjaturtle/core.py

@@ -9,6 +9,8 @@ import yaml
 
 from .loop_analyzer import LoopAnalyzer, LoopCandidate
 from .erb import puppet_class_name, puppet_local_var_name, translate_jinja2_to_erb
+from .escape import contains_erb_markup, contains_jinja_markup
+from .template_safety import validate_generated_template
 from .handlers import (
     BaseHandler,
     IniHandler,
@@ -23,8 +25,17 @@ from .handlers import (
 
 
 class QuotedString(str):
-    """
+    """Marker type for strings that must be double-quoted in YAML output."""
-    Marker type for strings that must be double-quoted in YAML output.
+
+    pass
+
+
+class UnsafeString(str):
+    """Marker type for Ansible values that must never be recursively templated.
+
+    Ansible honours the ``!unsafe`` YAML tag by loading the value as unsafe text,
+    preventing a later templating pass from evaluating delimiters such as
+    ``{{ ... }}`` or ``<%= ... %>`` that came from the original config file.
     """
 
     pass
@@ -49,7 +60,12 @@ def _quoted_str_representer(dumper: yaml.SafeDumper, data: QuotedString):
     return dumper.represent_scalar("tag:yaml.org,2002:str", str(data), style='"')
 
 
+def _unsafe_str_representer(dumper: yaml.SafeDumper, data: UnsafeString):
+    return dumper.represent_scalar("!unsafe", str(data))
+
+
 _TurtleDumper.add_representer(QuotedString, _quoted_str_representer)
+_TurtleDumper.add_representer(UnsafeString, _unsafe_str_representer)
 # Use our fallback for any unknown object types
 _TurtleDumper.add_representer(None, _fallback_str_representer)
 
@@ -92,6 +108,26 @@ def dump_yaml(data: Any, *, sort_keys: bool = True) -> str:
     )
 
 
+def mark_ansible_unsafe(obj: Any) -> Any:
+    """Recursively mark source strings that could be re-templated by Ansible.
+
+    JinjaTurtle's primary template render treats source values as data, but the
+    generated defaults file may later be consumed by other Ansible tasks or
+    templates.  Any source-derived string containing Jinja2 or ERB delimiters is
+    therefore emitted with Ansible's ``!unsafe`` tag so it cannot become live
+    template code in a recursive templating context.
+    """
+    if isinstance(obj, str):
+        if contains_jinja_markup(obj) or contains_erb_markup(obj):
+            return UnsafeString(obj)
+        return obj
+    if isinstance(obj, list):
+        return [mark_ansible_unsafe(v) for v in obj]
+    if isinstance(obj, dict):
+        return {k: mark_ansible_unsafe(v) for k, v in obj.items()}
+    return obj
+
+
 def make_var_name(role_prefix: str, path: Iterable[str]) -> str:
     """
     Wrapper for :meth:`BaseHandler.make_var_name`.
@@ -337,6 +373,37 @@ def _path_starts_with(path: tuple[str, ...], prefix: tuple[str, ...]) -> bool:
     return path[: len(prefix)] == prefix
 
 
+def _path_label(path: tuple[str, ...]) -> str:
+    return ".".join(path) if path else "<root>"
+
+
+def _raise_on_variable_name_collisions(
+    role_prefix: str,
+    flat_items: list[tuple[tuple[str, ...], Any]],
+    loop_candidates: list[LoopCandidate] | None = None,
+) -> None:
+    """Fail closed when distinct source paths collapse to one variable name."""
+    seen: dict[str, list[str]] = {}
+    for path, _value in flat_items:
+        seen.setdefault(make_var_name(role_prefix, path), []).append(_path_label(path))
+    if loop_candidates:
+        for candidate in loop_candidates:
+            seen.setdefault(make_var_name(role_prefix, candidate.path), []).append(
+                _path_label(candidate.path)
+            )
+
+    collisions = {name: paths for name, paths in seen.items() if len(set(paths)) > 1}
+    if collisions:
+        details = "; ".join(
+            f"{name}: {', '.join(paths)}" for name, paths in sorted(collisions.items())
+        )
+        raise ValueError(
+            "Refusing to generate templates because multiple config paths map to "
+            f"the same variable name ({details}). Rename one of the keys or use "
+            "separate role names."
+        )
+
+
 def generate_ansible_yaml(
     role_prefix: str,
     flat_items: list[tuple[tuple[str, ...], Any]],
@@ -345,18 +412,20 @@ def generate_ansible_yaml(
     """
     Create Ansible YAML for defaults/main.yml.
     """
+    _raise_on_variable_name_collisions(role_prefix, flat_items, loop_candidates)
+
     defaults: dict[str, Any] = {}
 
     # Add scalar variables
     for path, value in flat_items:
         var_name = make_var_name(role_prefix, path)
-        defaults[var_name] = value  # No normalization - keep original types
+        defaults[var_name] = mark_ansible_unsafe(value)  # keep type, tag unsafe strings
 
     # Add loop collections
     if loop_candidates:
         for candidate in loop_candidates:
             var_name = make_var_name(role_prefix, candidate.path)
-            defaults[var_name] = candidate.items
+            defaults[var_name] = mark_ansible_unsafe(candidate.safe_items())
 
     return dump_yaml(defaults, sort_keys=True)
 
@@ -378,14 +447,17 @@ def generate_jinja2_template(
 
     # Check if handler supports loop-aware generation
     if hasattr(handler, "generate_jinja2_template_with_loops") and loop_candidates:
-        return handler.generate_jinja2_template_with_loops(
+        template = handler.generate_jinja2_template_with_loops(
             parsed, role_prefix, original_text, loop_candidates
         )
+    else:
+        # Fallback to original scalar-only generation
+        template = handler.generate_jinja2_template(
+            parsed, role_prefix, original_text=original_text
+        )
 
-    # Fallback to original scalar-only generation
+    validate_generated_template(template)
-    return handler.generate_jinja2_template(
+    return template
-        parsed, role_prefix, original_text=original_text
-    )
 
 
 def _template_variable_names(
@@ -414,6 +486,8 @@ def generate_puppet_hiera_yaml(
     they are the same, so ``php_memory_limit`` becomes ``php::memory_limit``.
     """
 
+    _raise_on_variable_name_collisions(role_prefix, flat_items, loop_candidates)
+
     klass = puppet_class_name(puppet_class or role_prefix)
     data: dict[str, Any] = {}
 
@@ -426,7 +500,7 @@ def generate_puppet_hiera_yaml(
         for candidate in loop_candidates:
             generated = make_var_name(role_prefix, candidate.path)
             local = puppet_local_var_name(role_prefix, generated, puppet_class=klass)
-            data[f"{klass}::{local}"] = candidate.items
+            data[f"{klass}::{local}"] = candidate.safe_items()
 
     return dump_yaml(data, sort_keys=True)
 

src/jinjaturtle/erb.py

@@ -4,6 +4,9 @@ import re
 
 from .escape import escape_erb_literal
 
+_SAFE_GENERATED_FIELD_RE = re.compile(r"^jt_[A-Za-z0-9_]+_[0-9a-f]{8}$")
+_REF_RE = r"[A-Za-z_][A-Za-z0-9_]*(?:\.[A-Za-z_][A-Za-z0-9_]*)*"
+
 
 def _safe_name(raw: str, *, fallback: str = "var") -> str:
     text = re.sub(r"[^A-Za-z0-9_]+", "_", str(raw or fallback)).strip("_").lower()
@@ -128,24 +131,41 @@ class ErbTranslator:
             return "false"
         if expr in {"none", "None", "null"}:
             return "nil"
-        if re.match(r"^[A-Za-z_][A-Za-z0-9_]*$", expr):
+
-            if any(expr == loop_var for loop_var, _idx, _coll in self.loop_stack):
+        if not re.match(rf"^{_REF_RE}$", expr):
-                return expr
+            raise ValueError(
-            return f"@{self.local_var(expr)}"
+                f"Unsupported JinjaTurtle expression for ERB translation: {expr}"
-        m = re.match(r"^([A-Za-z_][A-Za-z0-9_]*)\.([A-Za-z_][A-Za-z0-9_]*)$", expr)
+            )
-        if m:
+
-            base, key = m.groups()
+        parts = expr.split(".")
+        base = parts[0]
+        attrs = parts[1:]
+
+        if not attrs:
             if any(base == loop_var for loop_var, _idx, _coll in self.loop_stack):
-                return f"{base}[{key!r}]"
+                return base
-            return f"@{self.local_var(base)}[{key!r}]"
+            return f"@{self.local_var(base)}"
-        return expr
+
+        if any(base == loop_var for loop_var, _idx, _coll in self.loop_stack):
+            ruby = base
+        else:
+            ruby = f"@{self.local_var(base)}"
+
+        for attr in attrs:
+            if not _SAFE_GENERATED_FIELD_RE.match(attr):
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "Unsafe attribute access in generated template during ERB "
+                    f"translation: {expr}"
+                )
+            ruby = f"{ruby}[{attr!r}]"
+        return ruby
 
     def expr_to_ruby(self, expr: str) -> str:
         expr = expr.strip()
 
         # JinjaTurtle emits these YAML-preserving ternaries for booleans/nulls.
         m = re.match(
-            r"^(['\"])(true|false)\1\s+if\s+([A-Za-z_][A-Za-z0-9_\.]*)\s+else\s+(['\"])(true|false)\4$",
+            rf"^(['\"])(true|false)\1\s+if\s+({_REF_RE})\s+else\s+(['\"])(true|false)\4$",
             expr,
         )
         if m:
@@ -155,7 +175,7 @@ class ErbTranslator:
             return f"{cond} ? {truthy!r} : {falsy!r}"
 
         m = re.match(
-            r"^(['\"])(null)\1\s+if\s+([A-Za-z_][A-Za-z0-9_\.]*)\s+is\s+none\s+else\s+([A-Za-z_][A-Za-z0-9_\.]*)$",
+            rf"^(['\"])(null)\1\s+if\s+({_REF_RE})\s+is\s+none\s+else\s+({_REF_RE})$",
             expr,
         )
         if m:
@@ -175,6 +195,10 @@ class ErbTranslator:
                         ruby = f"JSON.pretty_generate({ruby})"
                     else:
                         ruby = f"JSON.generate({ruby})"
+                else:
+                    raise ValueError(
+                        f"Unsupported JinjaTurtle filter for ERB translation: {filt}"
+                    )
             return ruby
 
         return self.ruby_value(expr)
@@ -205,10 +229,10 @@ class ErbTranslator:
             if cond == "not loop.last" and self.loop_stack:
                 _loop_var, idx_var, collection_ruby = self.loop_stack[-1]
                 return f"<% if {idx_var} < ({collection_ruby}.length - 1) -%>"
-            m = re.match(r"^([A-Za-z_][A-Za-z0-9_\.]*)\s+is\s+defined$", cond)
+            m = re.match(rf"^({_REF_RE})\s+is\s+defined$", cond)
             if m:
                 return f"<% unless {self.ruby_value(m.group(1))}.nil? -%>"
-            m = re.match(r"^([A-Za-z_][A-Za-z0-9_\.]*)\s+is\s+none$", cond)
+            m = re.match(rf"^({_REF_RE})\s+is\s+none$", cond)
             if m:
                 return f"<% if {self.ruby_value(m.group(1))}.nil? -%>"
             return f"<% if {self.expr_to_ruby(cond)} -%>"

src/jinjaturtle/escape.py

@@ -95,13 +95,15 @@ def _defang_endraw(text: str) -> str:
 
 
 def escape_jinja_literal(text: str) -> str:
-    """Make *text* render as literal characters under a later Jinja2 render.
+    """Make *text* render as literal characters under later template renders.
 
-    Text with no Jinja metacharacters is returned unchanged so the common case
+    JinjaTurtle's ERB templates are produced by translating the generated Jinja2
-    stays byte-for-byte identical to the source.  Otherwise the text is wrapped
+    template.  Therefore source text that contains *either* Jinja2 or ERB
-    in a single ``{% raw %}`` block, with any embedded ``endraw`` defanged.
+    delimiters must be carried through as a Jinja raw block: a later Jinja2 render
+    will print it literally, and the ERB translator will recognise the raw block
+    and escape any ERB delimiters inside it.
     """
-    if not text or not contains_jinja_markup(text):
+    if not text or not (contains_jinja_markup(text) or contains_erb_markup(text)):
         return text
     return "{% raw %}" + _defang_endraw(text) + "{% endraw %}"
 
@@ -109,9 +111,11 @@ def escape_jinja_literal(text: str) -> str:
 def escape_erb_literal(text: str) -> str:
     """Make *text* render as literal characters under a later ERB render.
 
-    ERB has no ``raw`` block, so each opening/closing delimiter is rewritten as
+    ERB has no raw block.  Replace each opening delimiter with a small, safe ERB
-    an ERB expression that prints the delimiter literally.  Text with no ERB
+    expression that prints the two characters ``<%`` literally, followed by the
-    metacharacters is returned unchanged.
+    original variant suffix (``=``, ``-`` or ``#``).  Closing delimiters outside
+    an ERB tag are plain text and must not be wrapped in an expression, because
+    ``<%= "%>" %>`` is parsed by ERB as a prematurely closed tag.
     """
     if not text or not contains_erb_markup(text):
         return text
@@ -121,13 +125,12 @@ def escape_erb_literal(text: str) -> str:
     n = len(text)
     while i < n:
         matched = None
-        for marker in (*_ERB_CLOSE_MARKERS, *_ERB_OPEN_MARKERS):
+        for marker in _ERB_OPEN_MARKERS:
             if text.startswith(marker, i):
                 matched = marker
                 break
         if matched is not None:
-            escaped = matched.replace("\\", "\\\\").replace('"', '\\"')
+            result.append("<%= '<%' %>" + matched[2:])
-            result.append('<%= "' + escaped + '" %>')
             i += len(matched)
         else:
             result.append(text[i])

src/jinjaturtle/handlers/base.py

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 
 from pathlib import Path
 from typing import Any, Iterable
+import re
 
 
 class BaseHandler:
@@ -50,30 +51,39 @@ class BaseHandler:
                 return text[:i], text[i:]
         return text, ""
 
+    @staticmethod
+    def _safe_identifier_part(raw: object, *, fallback: str = "var") -> str:
+        """Return a conservative lowercase full identifier."""
+        text = BaseHandler._safe_path_part(raw, fallback=fallback)
+        if not re.match(r"^[a-z_]", text):
+            text = f"{fallback}_{text}"
+        return text
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _safe_path_part(raw: object, *, fallback: str = "part") -> str:
+        """Return a conservative lowercase identifier fragment."""
+        text = re.sub(r"[^A-Za-z0-9_]+", "_", str(raw or "").strip())
+        text = re.sub(r"_+", "_", text).strip("_").lower()
+        return text or fallback
+
     @staticmethod
     def make_var_name(role_prefix: str, path: Iterable[str]) -> str:
         """
-        Build an Ansible var name like:
+        Build a safe variable name like ``role_section_key``.
-          role_prefix_section_subsection_key
 
-        Sanitises parts to lowercase [a-z0-9_] and strips extras.
+        Both the role prefix and every source-derived path component are reduced
+        to a strict identifier grammar.  Config keys, section names and CLI role
+        names are untrusted input; they must never be able to shape Jinja/ERB
+        statement syntax.
         """
-        role_prefix = role_prefix.strip().lower()
+        prefix = BaseHandler._safe_identifier_part(role_prefix, fallback="jinjaturtle")
         clean_parts: list[str] = []
 
         for part in path:
-            part = str(part).strip()
+            cleaned_part = BaseHandler._safe_path_part(part, fallback="part")
-            part = part.replace(" ", "_")
-            cleaned_chars: list[str] = []
-            for c in part:
-                if c.isalnum() or c == "_":
-                    cleaned_chars.append(c.lower())
-                else:
-                    cleaned_chars.append("_")
-            cleaned_part = "".join(cleaned_chars).strip("_")
             if cleaned_part:
                 clean_parts.append(cleaned_part)
 
         if clean_parts:
-            return role_prefix + "_" + "_".join(clean_parts)
+            return prefix + "_" + "_".join(clean_parts)
-        return role_prefix
+        return prefix

src/jinjaturtle/handlers/ini.py

@@ -59,15 +59,19 @@ class IniHandler(BaseHandler):
         lines: list[str] = []
 
         for section in parser.sections():
-            lines.append(f"[{section}]")
+            lines.append(f"[{escape_jinja_literal(section)}]")
             for key, value in parser.items(section, raw=True):
                 path = (section, key)
                 var_name = self.make_var_name(role_prefix, path)
                 value = value.strip()
                 if len(value) >= 2 and value[0] == value[-1] and value[0] in {'"', "'"}:
-                    lines.append(f"{key} = {j2.quoted_variable(var_name)}")
+                    lines.append(
+                        f"{escape_jinja_literal(key)} = {j2.quoted_variable(var_name)}"
+                    )
                 else:
-                    lines.append(f"{key} = {j2.variable(var_name)}")
+                    lines.append(
+                        f"{escape_jinja_literal(key)} = {j2.variable(var_name)}"
+                    )
             lines.append("")
 
         return "\n".join(lines).rstrip() + "\n"

src/jinjaturtle/handlers/json.py

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ from typing import Any
 
 from . import DictLikeHandler
 from .. import j2
+from ..escape import escape_jinja_literal
 from ..loop_analyzer import LoopCandidate
 
 
@@ -109,10 +110,14 @@ class JsonHandler(DictLikeHandler):
         chunks: list[str] = []
         pos = 0
         for path, start, end in spans:
-            chunks.append(text[pos:start])
+            # Chunks are copied verbatim from the source and may include object
+            # keys, whitespace or punctuation.  Object keys are attacker-
+            # controlled literal text, so escape template delimiters before
+            # inserting the generated value expression between chunks.
+            chunks.append(escape_jinja_literal(text[pos:start]))
             chunks.append(self._json_value_expr(self.make_var_name(role_prefix, path)))
             pos = end
-        chunks.append(text[pos:])
+        chunks.append(escape_jinja_literal(text[pos:]))
         return "".join(chunks)
 
     def _collect_json_scalar_spans(
@@ -213,7 +218,10 @@ class JsonHandler(DictLikeHandler):
 
         def _walk(obj: Any, path: tuple[str, ...] = ()) -> Any:
             if isinstance(obj, dict):
-                return {k: _walk(v, path + (str(k),)) for k, v in obj.items()}
+                return {
+                    escape_jinja_literal(str(k)): _walk(v, path + (str(k),))
+                    for k, v in obj.items()
+                }
             if isinstance(obj, list):
                 return [_walk(v, path + (str(i),)) for i, v in enumerate(obj)]
             # scalar - use marker that will be replaced with to_json
@@ -261,7 +269,10 @@ class JsonHandler(DictLikeHandler):
                     return f"__LOOP_DICT__{collection_var}__{item_var}__"
 
             if isinstance(obj, dict):
-                return {k: _walk(v, current_path + (str(k),)) for k, v in obj.items()}
+                return {
+                    escape_jinja_literal(str(k)): _walk(v, current_path + (str(k),))
+                    for k, v in obj.items()
+                }
             if isinstance(obj, list):
                 # Check if this list is a loop candidate
                 if current_path in loop_paths:
@@ -364,8 +375,10 @@ class JsonHandler(DictLikeHandler):
         ]  # first line has no indent; we prepend `inner` when emitting
         for i, key in enumerate(keys):
             comma = "," if i < len(keys) - 1 else ""
+            safe_key = escape_jinja_literal(str(key))
+            value_expr = candidate.value_expr(item_var, str(key))
             dict_lines.append(
-                f'{field}"{key}": ' f"{j2.to_json(f'{item_var}.{key}')}{comma}"
+                f'{field}"{safe_key}": ' f"{j2.to_json(value_expr)}{comma}"
             )
         # Comma between *items* goes after the closing brace.
         dict_lines.append(f"{inner}}}{j2.if_not_loop_last()},{j2.endif()}")

src/jinjaturtle/handlers/postfix.py

@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ class PostfixMainHandler(BaseHandler):
             lines: list[str] = []
             for k, v in parsed.items():
                 var = self.make_var_name(role_prefix, (k,))
-                lines.append(f"{k} = {j2.variable(var)}")
+                lines.append(f"{escape_jinja_literal(k)} = {j2.variable(var)}")
             return "\n".join(lines).rstrip() + "\n"
         return self._generate_from_text(role_prefix, original_text)
 

src/jinjaturtle/handlers/toml.py

@@ -441,17 +441,17 @@ class TomlHandler(DictLikeHandler):
                                 if isinstance(value, str):
                                     out_lines.append(
                                         f"{escape_jinja_literal(str(key))} = "
-                                        f"{self._toml_quoted_expr(f'{item_var}.{key}')}\n"
+                                        f"{self._toml_quoted_expr(candidate.value_expr(item_var, str(key)))}\n"
                                     )
                                 elif isinstance(value, bool):
                                     out_lines.append(
                                         f"{escape_jinja_literal(str(key))} = "
-                                        f"{self._toml_value_expr(f'{item_var}.{key}', value)}\n"
+                                        f"{self._toml_value_expr(candidate.value_expr(item_var, str(key)), value)}\n"
                                     )
                                 else:
                                     out_lines.append(
                                         f"{escape_jinja_literal(str(key))} = "
-                                        f"{self._toml_value_expr(f'{item_var}.{key}', value)}\n"
+                                        f"{self._toml_value_expr(candidate.value_expr(item_var, str(key)), value)}\n"
                                     )
 
                             out_lines.append(f"{j2.for_end()}\n")

src/jinjaturtle/handlers/xml.py

@@ -1,9 +1,11 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 from collections import Counter, defaultdict
+import secrets
 from pathlib import Path
 from typing import Any
-import xml.etree.ElementTree as ET  # nosec
+import xml.etree.ElementTree as ET  # nosec B405 - not used for untrusted XML parsing; all parsing uses defusedxml.
+import defusedxml.ElementTree as DET
 
 from .base import BaseHandler
 from .. import j2
@@ -18,11 +20,24 @@ class XmlHandler(BaseHandler):
 
     fmt = "xml"
 
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        # Marker comments are implementation details converted to Jinja control
+        # structures later in the same generation pass.  Include an unguessable
+        # nonce so source-file comments such as <!--IF:...--> can never be
+        # mistaken for trusted internal markers.
+        self._marker_prefix = f"JINJATURTLE:{secrets.token_hex(16)}:"
+
+    def _marker(self, kind: str, payload: str) -> str:
+        return f"{self._marker_prefix}{kind}:{payload}"
+
     def parse(self, path: Path) -> ET.Element:
         text = path.read_text(encoding="utf-8")
-        parser = ET.XMLParser(
+        parser = DET.XMLParser(
-            target=ET.TreeBuilder(insert_comments=False)
+            target=ET.TreeBuilder(insert_comments=False),
-        )  # nosec B314
+            forbid_dtd=True,
+            forbid_entities=True,
+            forbid_external=True,
+        )
         parser.feed(text)
         root = parser.close()
         return root
@@ -216,7 +231,7 @@ class XmlHandler(BaseHandler):
 
                     # Create a loop comment/marker
                     # We'll handle the actual loop generation in text processing
-                    loop_marker = ET.Comment(f"LOOP:{tag}")
+                    loop_marker = ET.Comment(self._marker("LOOP", tag))
                     elem.append(loop_marker)
 
                 elif counts[tag] > 1:
@@ -231,14 +246,8 @@ class XmlHandler(BaseHandler):
 
         walk(root, ())
 
-    # Internal marker prefixes used by JinjaTurtle's own comment nodes.  These
-    # must NOT be escaped (they are converted into real Jinja control structures
-    # downstream).  Source-file comments have none of these prefixes.
-    _MARKER_PREFIXES = ("LOOP:", "IF:", "ENDIF:")
-
     def _is_jt_marker(self, comment_text: str) -> bool:
-        stripped = (comment_text or "").lstrip()
+        return (comment_text or "").lstrip().startswith(self._marker_prefix)
-        return any(stripped.startswith(p) for p in self._MARKER_PREFIXES)
 
     def _escape_source_comments(self, root: ET.Element) -> None:
         """Escape template metacharacters in comments preserved from the source.
@@ -252,8 +261,9 @@ class XmlHandler(BaseHandler):
         placeholders, so comments (and the prolog, handled separately) are the
         only XML injection vector.
 
-        JinjaTurtle's own internal marker comments are left untouched so they can
+        Only nonce-bearing marker comments generated during this process are left
-        be converted into real loops/conditionals later.
+        untouched.  Source comments that look like old marker syntax (for
+        example <!--IF:...-->) are ordinary comments and remain inert.
         """
         # ET represents comments with a callable tag (ET.Comment).  Iterate all
         # descendants and escape comment text that is not one of our markers.
@@ -266,7 +276,12 @@ class XmlHandler(BaseHandler):
         """Generate scalar-only Jinja2 template."""
         prolog, body = self._split_xml_prolog(text)
 
-        parser = ET.XMLParser(target=ET.TreeBuilder(insert_comments=True))  # nosec B314
+        parser = DET.XMLParser(
+            target=ET.TreeBuilder(insert_comments=True),
+            forbid_dtd=True,
+            forbid_entities=True,
+            forbid_external=True,
+        )
         parser.feed(body)
         root = parser.close()
 
@@ -294,7 +309,12 @@ class XmlHandler(BaseHandler):
         prolog, body = self._split_xml_prolog(text)
 
         # Parse with comments preserved
-        parser = ET.XMLParser(target=ET.TreeBuilder(insert_comments=True))  # nosec B314
+        parser = DET.XMLParser(
+            target=ET.TreeBuilder(insert_comments=True),
+            forbid_dtd=True,
+            forbid_entities=True,
+            forbid_external=True,
+        )
         parser.feed(body)
         root = parser.close()
 
@@ -334,12 +354,15 @@ class XmlHandler(BaseHandler):
         # Build a sample element for each loop to use as template
         lines = xml_str.split("\n")
         result_lines = []
+        loop_marker = f"<!--{self._marker_prefix}LOOP:"
+        if_marker = f"<!--{self._marker_prefix}IF:"
+        endif_marker = f"<!--{self._marker_prefix}ENDIF:"
 
         for line in lines:
-            # Check if this line contains a loop marker
+            # Check if this line contains a nonce-bearing loop marker
-            if "<!--LOOP:" in line:
+            if loop_marker in line:
                 # Extract tag name from marker
-                start = line.find("<!--LOOP:") + 9
+                start = line.find(loop_marker) + len(loop_marker)
                 end = line.find("-->", start)
                 tag_name = line[start:end].strip()
 
@@ -365,7 +388,7 @@ class XmlHandler(BaseHandler):
                         merged_dict = self._merge_dicts_for_template(candidate.items)
 
                         sample_elem = self._dict_to_xml_element(
-                            tag_name, merged_dict, item_var
+                            tag_name, merged_dict, item_var, candidate
                         )
 
                         # Apply indentation to the sample element
@@ -393,18 +416,16 @@ class XmlHandler(BaseHandler):
             else:
                 result_lines.append(line)
 
-        # Post-process to replace <!--IF:...--> and <!--ENDIF:...--> with Jinja2 conditionals
+        # Post-process nonce-bearing IF/ENDIF markers into Jinja2 conditionals.
         final_lines = []
         for line in result_lines:
-            # Replace <!--IF:var.field--> with {% if var.field is defined %}
+            if if_marker in line:
-            if "<!--IF:" in line:
+                start = line.find(if_marker) + len(if_marker)
-                start = line.find("<!--IF:") + 7
                 end = line.find("-->", start)
                 condition = line[start:end]
                 indent = len(line) - len(line.lstrip())
                 final_lines.append(f"{' ' * indent}{j2.if_defined(condition)}")
-            # Replace <!--ENDIF:field--> with {% endif %}
+            elif endif_marker in line:
-            elif "<!--ENDIF:" in line:
                 indent = len(line) - len(line.lstrip())
                 final_lines.append(f"{' ' * indent}{j2.endif()}")
             else:
@@ -436,7 +457,11 @@ class XmlHandler(BaseHandler):
         return merged
 
     def _dict_to_xml_element(
-        self, tag: str, data: dict[str, Any], loop_var: str
+        self,
+        tag: str,
+        data: dict[str, Any],
+        loop_var: str,
+        candidate: LoopCandidate,
     ) -> ET.Element:
         """
         Convert a dict to an XML element with Jinja2 variable references.
@@ -458,13 +483,13 @@ class XmlHandler(BaseHandler):
                 # Attribute - these come from element attributes
                 attr_name = key[1:]  # Remove @ prefix
                 # Use simple variable reference - attributes should always exist
-                elem.set(attr_name, j2.variable(f"{loop_var}.{attr_name}"))
+                elem.set(attr_name, j2.variable(candidate.value_expr(loop_var, key)))
             elif key == "_text":
                 # Simple text content - use ._text accessor for dict-based items
-                elem.text = j2.variable(f"{loop_var}._text")
+                elem.text = j2.variable(candidate.value_expr(loop_var, "_text"))
             elif key == "value":
                 # Text with attributes/children
-                elem.text = j2.variable(f"{loop_var}.value")
+                elem.text = j2.variable(candidate.value_expr(loop_var, "value"))
             elif key == "_key":
                 # This is the dict key (for dict collections), skip in XML
                 pass
@@ -473,29 +498,37 @@ class XmlHandler(BaseHandler):
                 # Create a conditional wrapper comment
                 child = ET.Element(key)
                 if "_text" in value:
-                    child.text = j2.variable(f"{loop_var}.{key}._text")
+                    child.text = j2.variable(
+                        candidate.value_expr(loop_var, str(key), "_text")
+                    )
                 else:
                     # More complex nested structure
                     for sub_key, sub_val in value.items():
                         if not sub_key.startswith("_"):
                             grandchild = ET.SubElement(child, sub_key)
-                            grandchild.text = j2.variable(f"{loop_var}.{key}.{sub_key}")
+                            grandchild.text = j2.variable(
+                                candidate.value_expr(loop_var, str(key), str(sub_key))
+                            )
 
                 # Wrap the child in a Jinja if statement (will be done via text replacement)
                 # For now, add a marker comment before the element
-                marker = ET.Comment(f"IF:{loop_var}.{key}")
+                marker = ET.Comment(
+                    self._marker("IF", candidate.value_expr(loop_var, str(key)))
+                )
                 elem.append(marker)
                 elem.append(child)
-                end_marker = ET.Comment(f"ENDIF:{key}")
+                end_marker = ET.Comment(self._marker("ENDIF", key))
                 elem.append(end_marker)
 
             elif not isinstance(value, list):
                 # Simple child element (scalar value) - also wrap in conditional
-                marker = ET.Comment(f"IF:{loop_var}.{key}")
+                marker = ET.Comment(
+                    self._marker("IF", candidate.value_expr(loop_var, str(key)))
+                )
                 elem.append(marker)
                 child = ET.SubElement(elem, key)
-                child.text = j2.variable(f"{loop_var}.{key}")
+                child.text = j2.variable(candidate.value_expr(loop_var, str(key)))
-                end_marker = ET.Comment(f"ENDIF:{key}")
+                end_marker = ET.Comment(self._marker("ENDIF", key))
                 elem.append(end_marker)
 
         return elem

src/jinjaturtle/handlers/yaml.py

@@ -500,7 +500,7 @@ class YamlHandler(DictLikeHandler):
                 item_lines.append(f"{item_indent_str}- {value_expr}")
             elif candidate.item_schema in ("simple_dict", "nested"):
                 item_lines = self._dict_to_yaml_lines(
-                    sample_item, item_var, item_indent, is_list_item=True
+                    sample_item, item_var, item_indent, candidate, is_list_item=True
                 )
 
         if item_lines:
@@ -523,6 +523,7 @@ class YamlHandler(DictLikeHandler):
         data: dict[str, Any],
         loop_var: str,
         indent: int,
+        candidate: LoopCandidate,
         is_list_item: bool = False,
     ) -> list[str]:
         """
@@ -549,7 +550,9 @@ class YamlHandler(DictLikeHandler):
 
             if first_key and is_list_item:
                 # First key gets the list marker
-                value_expr = self._yaml_value_expr(f"{loop_var}.{key}", value)
+                value_expr = self._yaml_value_expr(
+                    candidate.value_expr(loop_var, str(key)), value
+                )
                 lines.append(
                     f"{indent_str}- {escape_jinja_literal(str(key))}: {value_expr}"
                 )
@@ -557,7 +560,9 @@ class YamlHandler(DictLikeHandler):
             else:
                 # Subsequent keys are indented
                 sub_indent = indent + 2 if is_list_item else indent
-                value_expr = self._yaml_value_expr(f"{loop_var}.{key}", value)
+                value_expr = self._yaml_value_expr(
+                    candidate.value_expr(loop_var, str(key)), value
+                )
                 lines.append(
                     f"{' ' * sub_indent}{escape_jinja_literal(str(key))}: {value_expr}"
                 )

src/jinjaturtle/j2.py

@@ -43,6 +43,28 @@ def to_json(
     return filtered(value, f"to_json({', '.join(args)})")
 
 
+def safe_field_name(raw: str) -> str:
+    """Return a safe generated identifier for a loop-item field name.
+
+    Source-derived keys must never be emitted as Jinja expression syntax.
+    Loop candidates therefore remap every source key to a generated field name
+    beginning with ``jt_`` plus a short hash.  The prefix avoids collisions with
+    dictionary methods such as ``items``/``keys`` and with dunder attributes.
+    """
+    import hashlib
+    import re
+
+    text = re.sub(r"[^A-Za-z0-9_]+", "_", str(raw or "field")).strip("_").lower()
+    text = re.sub(r"_+", "_", text) or "field"
+    digest = hashlib.sha256(str(raw).encode("utf-8", "surrogatepass")).hexdigest()[:8]
+    return f"jt_{text}_{digest}"
+
+
+def loop_field_expr(loop_var: str, safe_field: str) -> str:
+    """Return a Jinja expression for a generated loop-item field."""
+    return f"{loop_var}.{safe_field}"
+
+
 def statement(
     value: str,
     *,

src/jinjaturtle/loop_analyzer.py

@@ -8,8 +8,11 @@ instead of flattened scalar variables.
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 from collections import Counter
+import re
 from typing import Any, Literal
 
+from . import j2
+
 
 class LoopCandidate:
     """
@@ -36,6 +39,47 @@ class LoopCandidate:
         self.items = items
         self.item_schema = item_schema
         self.confidence = confidence
+        self._safe_key_cache: dict[str, str] = {}
+
+    def safe_field_key(self, source_key: str) -> str:
+        """Return a generated, non-source-derived field name for loop data.
+
+        The rendered template prints the original source key literally, but it
+        reads the corresponding value from a generated field name in defaults.
+        This prevents a malicious source key from becoming part of a Jinja/ERB
+        expression (for example ``item.__class__.__mro__``).
+        """
+        key = str(source_key)
+        if key not in self._safe_key_cache:
+            self._safe_key_cache[key] = j2.safe_field_name(key)
+        return self._safe_key_cache[key]
+
+    def value_expr(self, loop_var: str, *source_path: str) -> str:
+        """Return a safe Jinja expression for a field inside a loop item."""
+        expr = loop_var
+        for key in source_path:
+            expr = j2.loop_field_expr(expr, self.safe_field_key(str(key)))
+        return expr
+
+    def safe_items(self) -> list[Any] | dict[str, Any]:
+        """Return loop items with all dict keys remapped to generated names."""
+
+        def _convert(obj: Any) -> Any:
+            if isinstance(obj, dict):
+                converted: dict[str, Any] = {}
+                for key, value in obj.items():
+                    if key == "_key":
+                        # Internal bookkeeping key for potential dict-collection
+                        # loops.  It is not emitted as a template field.
+                        converted[key] = _convert(value)
+                    else:
+                        converted[self.safe_field_key(str(key))] = _convert(value)
+                return converted
+            if isinstance(obj, list):
+                return [_convert(v) for v in obj]
+            return obj
+
+        return _convert(self.items)
 
     def __repr__(self) -> str:
         path_str = ".".join(self.path) if self.path else "<root>"
@@ -292,49 +336,43 @@ class LoopAnalyzer:
         else:
             return "homogeneous"
 
-    def _derive_loop_var(self, path: tuple[str, ...], singular: bool = True) -> str:
+    def _safe_loop_identifier(self, raw: str, *, fallback: str = "item") -> str:
-        """
+        text = re.sub(r"[^A-Za-z0-9_]+", "_", str(raw or "").strip())
-        Derive a sensible loop variable name from the path.
+        text = re.sub(r"_+", "_", text).strip("_").lower()
+        if not text:
+            text = fallback
+        if not re.match(r"^[a-z_]", text):
+            text = f"{fallback}_{text}"
+        return text
 
-        Examples:
+    def _derive_loop_var(self, path: tuple[str, ...], singular: bool = True) -> str:
-            ("servers",) -> "server" (singular)
+        """Derive a safe Jinja identifier for loop items from a source path."""
-            ("config", "endpoints") -> "endpoint"
-            ("users",) -> "user"
-            ("databases",) -> "database"
-        """
 
         if not path:
             return "item"
 
-        last_part = path[-1].lower()
+        last_part = self._safe_loop_identifier(path[-1], fallback="item")
 
         if singular:
             # Simple English pluralization rules (order matters - most specific first)
             if last_part.endswith("sses"):
-                return last_part[:-2]  # "classes" -> "class"
+                last_part = last_part[:-2]  # "classes" -> "class"
             elif last_part.endswith("xes"):
-                return last_part[:-2]  # "boxes" -> "box"
+                last_part = last_part[:-2]  # "boxes" -> "box"
             elif last_part.endswith("ches"):
-                return last_part[:-2]  # "watches" -> "watch"
+                last_part = last_part[:-2]  # "watches" -> "watch"
             elif last_part.endswith("shes"):
-                return last_part[:-2]  # "dishes" -> "dish"
+                last_part = last_part[:-2]  # "dishes" -> "dish"
             elif last_part.endswith("ies"):
-                return last_part[:-3] + "y"  # "entries" -> "entry"
+                last_part = last_part[:-3] + "y"  # "entries" -> "entry"
             elif last_part.endswith("oes"):
-                return last_part[:-2]  # "tomatoes" -> "tomato"
+                last_part = last_part[:-2]  # "tomatoes" -> "tomato"
             elif last_part.endswith("ses") and not last_part.endswith("sses"):
-                # Only for words ending in "se": "databases" -> "database"
+                last_part = last_part[:-1]
-                # But NOT for "sses" which we already handled
-                if len(last_part) > 3 and last_part[-4] not in "aeiou":
-                    # "databases" -> "database" (consonant before 's')
-                    return last_part[:-1]
-                else:
-                    # "houses" -> "house", "causes" -> "cause"
-                    return last_part[:-1]
             elif last_part.endswith("s") and not last_part.endswith("ss"):
-                return last_part[:-1]  # "servers" -> "server"
+                last_part = last_part[:-1]  # "servers" -> "server"
 
-        return last_part
+        return self._safe_loop_identifier(last_part, fallback="item")
 
     def _analyze_xml(self, root: Any) -> None:
         """

src/jinjaturtle/multi.py

@@ -26,11 +26,19 @@ import configparser
 from dataclasses import dataclass
 from pathlib import Path
 from typing import Any, Iterable
-import xml.etree.ElementTree as ET  # nosec
+import xml.etree.ElementTree as ET  # nosec B405 - not used for untrusted XML parsing; all parsing uses defusedxml.
 
 from . import j2
-from .core import dump_yaml, flatten_config, make_var_name, parse_config
+from .escape import escape_jinja_literal
+from .core import (
+    dump_yaml,
+    flatten_config,
+    make_var_name,
+    mark_ansible_unsafe,
+    parse_config,
+)
 from .handlers.xml import XmlHandler
+from .template_safety import validate_generated_template
 
 
 SUPPORTED_SUFFIXES: dict[str, set[str]] = {
@@ -43,7 +51,10 @@ SUPPORTED_SUFFIXES: dict[str, set[str]] = {
 
 
 def is_supported_file(path: Path) -> bool:
-    if not path.is_file():
+    # Do not follow symlinks by default.  Directory mode may be pointed at an
+    # attacker-controlled tree; following a supported-extension symlink would let
+    # that tree cause reads outside the requested root.
+    if path.is_symlink() or not path.is_file():
         return False
     suffix = path.suffix.lower()
     for exts in SUPPORTED_SUFFIXES.values():
@@ -60,8 +71,18 @@ def iter_supported_files(root: Path, recursive: bool) -> list[Path]:
     if not root.is_dir():
         return []
 
+    resolved_root = root.resolve()
     it = root.rglob("*") if recursive else root.glob("*")
-    files = [p for p in it if is_supported_file(p)]
+    files = []
+    for p in it:
+        if not is_supported_file(p):
+            continue
+        try:
+            if not p.resolve().is_relative_to(resolved_root):
+                continue
+        except OSError:
+            continue
+        files.append(p)
     files.sort()
     return files
 
@@ -75,6 +96,16 @@ def _is_scalar(obj: Any) -> bool:
     return not isinstance(obj, (dict, list))
 
 
+def _safe_literal(text: object) -> str:
+    """Escape source-derived literal text before placing it in templates."""
+    return escape_jinja_literal(str(text))
+
+
+def _safe_role_prefix(role_prefix: str) -> str:
+    # Reuse make_var_name's strict identifier handling for list variable names.
+    return make_var_name(role_prefix, ())
+
+
 def _merge_union(a: Any, b: Any) -> Any:
     """Merge two parsed objects into a union structure.
 
@@ -170,13 +201,13 @@ def _yaml_render_union(
                 value = _yaml_scalar_placeholder(role_prefix, key_path, val)
                 if cond_var:
                     lines.append(f"{ind}{j2.if_defined(cond_var)}")
-                lines.append(f"{ind}{key}: {value}")
+                lines.append(f"{ind}{_safe_literal(key)}: {value}")
                 if cond_var:
                     lines.append(f"{ind}{j2.endif()}")
             else:
                 if cond_var:
                     lines.append(f"{ind}{j2.if_defined(cond_var)}")
-                lines.append(f"{ind}{key}:")
+                lines.append(f"{ind}{_safe_literal(key)}:")
                 lines.extend(
                     _yaml_render_union(
                         role_prefix,
@@ -224,14 +255,14 @@ def _yaml_render_union(
                         if first:
                             if k_cond:
                                 lines.append(f"{ind}{j2.if_defined(k_cond)}")
-                            lines.append(f"{ind}- {k}: {value}")
+                            lines.append(f"{ind}- {_safe_literal(k)}: {value}")
                             if k_cond:
                                 lines.append(f"{ind}{j2.endif()}")
                             first = False
                         else:
                             if k_cond:
                                 lines.append(f"{ind}  {j2.if_defined(k_cond)}")
-                            lines.append(f"{ind}  {k}: {value}")
+                            lines.append(f"{ind}  {_safe_literal(k)}: {value}")
                             if k_cond:
                                 lines.append(f"{ind}  {j2.endif()}")
                     else:
@@ -239,7 +270,7 @@ def _yaml_render_union(
                         if first:
                             if k_cond:
                                 lines.append(f"{ind}{j2.if_defined(k_cond)}")
-                            lines.append(f"{ind}- {k}:")
+                            lines.append(f"{ind}- {_safe_literal(k)}:")
                             lines.extend(
                                 _yaml_render_union(
                                     role_prefix,
@@ -255,7 +286,7 @@ def _yaml_render_union(
                         else:
                             if k_cond:
                                 lines.append(f"{ind}  {j2.if_defined(k_cond)}")
-                            lines.append(f"{ind}  {k}:")
+                            lines.append(f"{ind}  {_safe_literal(k)}:")
                             lines.extend(
                                 _yaml_render_union(
                                     role_prefix,
@@ -309,11 +340,11 @@ def _toml_render_union(
         if cond:
             lines.append(f"{j2.if_defined(cond)}")
         if isinstance(value, str):
-            lines.append(f"{key} = {j2.quoted_variable(var_name)}")
+            lines.append(f"{_safe_literal(key)} = {j2.quoted_variable(var_name)}")
         elif isinstance(value, bool):
-            lines.append(f"{key} = {j2.lower(var_name)}")
+            lines.append(f"{_safe_literal(key)} = {j2.lower(var_name)}")
         else:
-            lines.append(f"{key} = {j2.variable(var_name)}")
+            lines.append(f"{_safe_literal(key)} = {j2.variable(var_name)}")
         if cond:
             lines.append(j2.endif())
 
@@ -326,7 +357,7 @@ def _toml_render_union(
             )
             if cond:
                 lines.append(f"{j2.if_defined(cond)}")
-            lines.append(f"[{'.'.join(path)}]")
+            lines.append(f"[{'.'.join(_safe_literal(p) for p in path)}]")
 
         scalar_items = {k: v for k, v in obj.items() if not isinstance(v, dict)}
         nested_items = {k: v for k, v in obj.items() if isinstance(v, dict)}
@@ -412,7 +443,7 @@ def _ini_render_union(
         )
         if sec_cond:
             lines.append(f"{j2.if_defined(sec_cond)}")
-        lines.append(f"[{section}]")
+        lines.append(f"[{_safe_literal(section)}]")
         for key, raw_val in union.items(section, raw=True):
             path = (section, key)
             var = make_var_name(role_prefix, path)
@@ -424,9 +455,9 @@ def _ini_render_union(
             if key_cond:
                 lines.append(f"{j2.if_defined(key_cond)}")
             if quoted:
-                lines.append(f"{key} = {j2.quoted_variable(var)}")
+                lines.append(f"{_safe_literal(key)} = {j2.quoted_variable(var)}")
             else:
-                lines.append(f"{key} = {j2.variable(var)}")
+                lines.append(f"{_safe_literal(key)} = {j2.variable(var)}")
             if key_cond:
                 lines.append(j2.endif())
         lines.append("")
@@ -549,9 +580,9 @@ def _xml_apply_jinja_union(
 
             if child_path in optional_elements:
                 cond = defined_var_name(role_prefix, child_path)
-                new_children.append(ET.Comment(f"IF:{cond}"))
+                new_children.append(ET.Comment(handler._marker("IF", cond)))
                 new_children.append(child)
-                new_children.append(ET.Comment(f"ENDIF:{cond}"))
+                new_children.append(ET.Comment(handler._marker("ENDIF", cond)))
             else:
                 new_children.append(child)
 
@@ -621,9 +652,9 @@ def process_directory(
         # JSON: simplest robust union template
         if fmt == "json":
             list_var = (
-                f"{role_prefix}_{fmt}_items"
+                f"{_safe_role_prefix(role_prefix)}_{fmt}_items"
                 if multiple_formats
-                else f"{role_prefix}_items"
+                else f"{_safe_role_prefix(role_prefix)}_items"
             )
             template = f"{j2.to_json('data', indent=2)}\n"
             items: list[dict[str, Any]] = []
@@ -652,9 +683,9 @@ def process_directory(
             optional_containers = cont_union - cont_inter
 
             list_var = (
-                f"{role_prefix}_{fmt}_items"
+                f"{_safe_role_prefix(role_prefix)}_{fmt}_items"
                 if multiple_formats
-                else f"{role_prefix}_items"
+                else f"{_safe_role_prefix(role_prefix)}_items"
             )
 
             if fmt == "yaml":
@@ -693,9 +724,9 @@ def process_directory(
             union, opt_sections, opt_keys = _ini_union_and_presence(parsers)  # type: ignore[arg-type]
 
             list_var = (
-                f"{role_prefix}_{fmt}_items"
+                f"{_safe_role_prefix(role_prefix)}_{fmt}_items"
                 if multiple_formats
-                else f"{role_prefix}_items"
+                else f"{_safe_role_prefix(role_prefix)}_items"
             )
             template = _ini_render_union(role_prefix, union, opt_sections, opt_keys)
 
@@ -737,9 +768,9 @@ def process_directory(
             optional_elements = (elem_union - elem_inter) - {()}  # never wrap root
 
             list_var = (
-                f"{role_prefix}_{fmt}_items"
+                f"{_safe_role_prefix(role_prefix)}_{fmt}_items"
                 if multiple_formats
-                else f"{role_prefix}_items"
+                else f"{_safe_role_prefix(role_prefix)}_items"
             )
             template = _xml_apply_jinja_union(
                 role_prefix, union_root, optional_elements
@@ -763,10 +794,13 @@ def process_directory(
 
         raise ValueError(f"Unsupported format in folder mode: {fmt}")
 
+    for out in outputs:
+        validate_generated_template(out.template)
+
     # Build combined defaults YAML
     defaults_doc: dict[str, Any] = {}
     for out in outputs:
-        defaults_doc[out.list_var] = out.items
+        defaults_doc[out.list_var] = mark_ansible_unsafe(out.items)
     defaults_yaml = dump_yaml(defaults_doc, sort_keys=True)
 
     return defaults_yaml, outputs

src/jinjaturtle/template_safety.py

@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+"""Safety validator for generated Jinja2 templates.
+
+JinjaTurtle's threat model requires source-derived config text to remain data,
+not executable template syntax.  Escaping source literals and remapping loop
+field names closes known injection paths, but this module adds a defence in
+depth: every generated Jinja template is parsed and checked against the small
+Jinja subset JinjaTurtle is supposed to emit.
+
+If a future handler accidentally interpolates a source key into an expression
+again, e.g. ``{{ item.__class__.__mro__[1]... }}``, this validator rejects the
+output before it is returned or translated to ERB.
+"""
+
+import re
+
+from jinja2 import Environment, TemplateSyntaxError, nodes
+
+
+class UnsafeTemplateError(ValueError):
+    """Raised when generated template syntax exceeds JinjaTurtle's safe subset."""
+
+
+_ALLOWED_FILTERS = {"lower", "to_json", "tojson"}
+_ALLOWED_TESTS = {"defined", "none"}
+_SAFE_GENERATED_FIELD_RE = re.compile(r"^jt_[A-Za-z0-9_]+_[0-9a-f]{8}$")
+
+# These node types cover the deliberately small subset emitted by j2.py:
+# output expressions, for loops, if/endif, literal text, booleans/null ternaries,
+# filters, and tests such as "is defined" / "is none".
+_ALLOWED_NODE_TYPES = (
+    nodes.Template,
+    nodes.Output,
+    nodes.TemplateData,
+    nodes.Name,
+    nodes.Const,
+    nodes.Filter,
+    nodes.For,
+    nodes.If,
+    nodes.Not,
+    nodes.Getattr,
+    nodes.CondExpr,
+    nodes.Test,
+    nodes.Compare,
+    nodes.Operand,
+    nodes.Keyword,
+)
+
+
+def _describe(node: nodes.Node) -> str:
+    line = getattr(node, "lineno", None)
+    suffix = f" on line {line}" if line is not None else ""
+    return f"{node.__class__.__name__}{suffix}"
+
+
+def _is_allowed_getattr(node: nodes.Getattr) -> bool:
+    """Only allow loop.last and generated loop field names.
+
+    Arbitrary attribute access is the primitive that turned malicious source
+    keys into RCE (``item.__class__.__mro__...``).  Loop item fields are now
+    remapped to generated names such as ``jt_name_82a3537f``; ordinary source
+    text cannot produce that syntax.  ``loop.last`` is the single Jinja runtime
+    attribute JinjaTurtle intentionally emits.
+    """
+    if isinstance(node.node, nodes.Name) and node.node.name == "loop":
+        return node.attr == "last"
+    return bool(_SAFE_GENERATED_FIELD_RE.match(node.attr))
+
+
+def validate_generated_template(template_text: str) -> None:
+    """Raise :class:`UnsafeTemplateError` if *template_text* is unsafe."""
+    # autoescape=True is only to satisfy static analysis. This environment is
+    # used solely for AST parsing, never for rendering generated config templates.
+    env = Environment(autoescape=True)
+    try:
+        parsed = env.parse(template_text)
+    except TemplateSyntaxError as exc:
+        raise UnsafeTemplateError(
+            f"generated template is not valid Jinja2: {exc}"
+        ) from exc
+
+    for node in parsed.find_all(nodes.Node):
+        if isinstance(node, nodes.Call):
+            raise UnsafeTemplateError(
+                f"generated template contains a function/method call at {_describe(node)}"
+            )
+        if isinstance(node, nodes.Getitem):
+            raise UnsafeTemplateError(
+                f"generated template contains bracket lookup at {_describe(node)}; "
+                "loop fields must be remapped to generated identifiers"
+            )
+        if isinstance(node, nodes.Getattr) and not _is_allowed_getattr(node):
+            raise UnsafeTemplateError(
+                f"generated template contains unsafe attribute access .{node.attr!s} "
+                f"at {_describe(node)}"
+            )
+        if isinstance(node, nodes.Filter) and node.name not in _ALLOWED_FILTERS:
+            raise UnsafeTemplateError(
+                f"generated template contains unsupported filter {node.name!r} "
+                f"at {_describe(node)}"
+            )
+        if isinstance(node, nodes.Test) and node.name not in _ALLOWED_TESTS:
+            raise UnsafeTemplateError(
+                f"generated template contains unsupported test {node.name!r} "
+                f"at {_describe(node)}"
+            )
+        if not isinstance(node, _ALLOWED_NODE_TYPES):
+            raise UnsafeTemplateError(
+                f"generated template contains unsupported Jinja node {_describe(node)}"
+            )

tests/test_injection_security.py

@@ -196,6 +196,16 @@ def test_escape_jinja_literal_actually_blocks_execution():
     assert TRIP in fired
 
 
+def test_escape_jinja_literal_wraps_erb_markup_for_translated_erb_safety():
+    payload = "<%= boom.run('erb-through-jinja') %>"
+    escaped = escape_jinja_literal(payload)
+    assert escaped != payload
+    env = jinja2.Environment(undefined=jinja2.ChainableUndefined)
+    rendered = env.from_string(escaped).render(boom=_Boom())
+    assert rendered == payload
+    assert TRIP not in rendered
+
+
 @pytest.mark.parametrize(
     "payload",
     [
@@ -234,3 +244,306 @@ def test_escape_literal_jinja_output_is_inert():
     env = jinja2.Environment(undefined=jinja2.ChainableUndefined)
     rendered = env.from_string(escaped).render(boom=_Boom())
     assert TRIP not in rendered
+
+
+def test_json_source_keys_are_escaped_and_do_not_execute(tmp_path):
+    body = '{"evil_{{ boom.run(\'json-key\') }}": "ok"}\n'
+    template_text, defaults = _run_jinjaturtle(tmp_path, "evil.json", body, "json")
+    rendered = _render_jinja(template_text, {**defaults, "boom": _Boom()})
+    assert TRIP not in rendered
+    assert "evil_{{ boom.run('json-key') }}" in rendered
+
+
+def test_xml_source_comments_cannot_spoof_internal_markers(tmp_path):
+    body = (
+        "<root>\n"
+        "  <!--IF:boom.run('xml-marker')-->\n"
+        "  <item>ok</item>\n"
+        "  <!--ENDIF:any-->\n"
+        "</root>\n"
+    )
+    template_text, defaults = _run_jinjaturtle(tmp_path, "evil.xml", body, "xml")
+    assert "{% if boom.run" not in template_text
+    rendered = _render_jinja(template_text, {**defaults, "boom": _Boom()})
+    assert TRIP not in rendered
+    assert "IF:boom.run('xml-marker')" in rendered
+
+
+def test_folder_yaml_keys_are_escaped_and_do_not_execute(tmp_path):
+    from jinjaturtle.multi import process_directory
+
+    (tmp_path / "one.yaml").write_text(
+        'evil_{{ boom.run("folder-yaml") }}: ok\n', encoding="utf-8"
+    )
+    defaults_yaml, outputs = process_directory(
+        tmp_path, recursive=False, role_prefix="role"
+    )
+    defaults = pyyaml.safe_load(defaults_yaml) or {}
+    assert len(outputs) == 1
+    template_text = outputs[0].template
+    rendered = _render_jinja(
+        template_text, {**defaults["role_items"][0], "boom": _Boom()}
+    )
+    assert TRIP not in rendered
+    assert 'evil_{{ boom.run("folder-yaml") }}' in rendered
+
+
+def test_erb_source_comment_payload_is_literal_not_executed(tmp_path):
+    import shutil
+
+    marker = tmp_path / "erb-owned"
+    src = tmp_path / "evil.ini"
+    src.write_text(
+        "[s]\n" "good = ok\n" f"# <%= File.write({str(marker)!r}, 'owned') %>\n",
+        encoding="utf-8",
+    )
+    tpl = tmp_path / "out.erb"
+    dfl = tmp_path / "hiera.yml"
+    res = subprocess.run(
+        [
+            sys.executable,
+            "-m",
+            "jinjaturtle.cli",
+            str(src),
+            "-f",
+            "ini",
+            "--template-engine",
+            "erb",
+            "--role-name",
+            "role",
+            "-t",
+            str(tpl),
+            "-d",
+            str(dfl),
+        ],
+        capture_output=True,
+        text=True,
+    )
+    assert res.returncode == 0, res.stderr
+    erb_text = tpl.read_text(encoding="utf-8")
+    live_chunks = re.findall(r"<%[-=#]?(.*?)-?%>", erb_text, re.S)
+    assert not any("File.write" in chunk for chunk in live_chunks)
+
+    ruby = shutil.which("ruby")
+    if ruby is None:
+        pytest.skip("ruby is not installed")
+    run = subprocess.run(
+        [
+            ruby,
+            "-rerb",
+            "-e",
+            "puts ERB.new(File.read(ARGV[0])).result(binding)",
+            str(tpl),
+        ],
+        capture_output=True,
+        text=True,
+    )
+    assert run.returncode == 0, run.stderr
+    assert not marker.exists()
+
+
+def test_ansible_defaults_tag_dangerous_strings_as_unsafe_and_still_load():
+    from jinjaturtle.core import generate_ansible_yaml
+
+    out = generate_ansible_yaml(
+        "role",
+        [
+            (("jinja",), "{{ boom.run('unsafe') }}"),
+            (("erb",), "<%= File.write('/tmp/nope', 'x') %>"),
+            (("plain",), "ordinary"),
+        ],
+    )
+    assert "role_jinja: !unsafe" in out
+    assert "role_erb: !unsafe" in out
+    assert "role_plain: ordinary" in out
+    loaded = pyyaml.safe_load(out)
+    assert loaded["role_jinja"] == "{{ boom.run('unsafe') }}"
+
+
+def test_cli_rejects_template_unsafe_role_name(tmp_path):
+    from jinjaturtle import cli
+
+    src = tmp_path / "a.ini"
+    src.write_text("[s]\nkey=value\n", encoding="utf-8")
+    with pytest.raises(SystemExit) as exc:
+        cli._main([str(src), "--role-name", "bad-{{ role }}"])
+    assert exc.value.code == 2
+
+
+def test_yaml_loop_source_key_cannot_become_jinja_expression(tmp_path):
+    from jinjaturtle.core import (
+        analyze_loops,
+        flatten_config,
+        generate_ansible_yaml,
+        generate_jinja2_template,
+        parse_config,
+    )
+
+    malicious_key = (
+        "__class__.__mro__[1].__subclasses__()[166].__init__"
+        ".__globals__['__builtins__']['__import__']('os')"
+        ".popen('echo JT_RCE').read()"
+    )
+    src = tmp_path / "evil.yaml"
+    src.write_text(
+        "servers:\n" f"  - {malicious_key!r}: a\n" f"  - {malicious_key!r}: b\n",
+        encoding="utf-8",
+    )
+    fmt, parsed = parse_config(src, "yaml")
+    loops = analyze_loops(fmt, parsed)
+    flat = flatten_config(fmt, parsed, loops)
+    template = generate_jinja2_template(fmt, parsed, "role", src.read_text(), loops)
+    defaults = pyyaml.safe_load(generate_ansible_yaml("role", flat, loops)) or {}
+
+    assert f"server.{malicious_key}" not in template
+    assert "server.jt_" in template
+    rendered = _render_jinja(template, defaults)
+    assert TRIP not in rendered
+    assert "JT_RCE" in rendered  # literal source key only, not command output
+
+
+def test_toml_array_table_loop_source_key_cannot_become_jinja_expression(tmp_path):
+    from jinjaturtle.core import (
+        analyze_loops,
+        flatten_config,
+        generate_ansible_yaml,
+        generate_jinja2_template,
+        parse_config,
+    )
+
+    malicious_key = (
+        "__class__.__mro__[1].__subclasses__()[166].__init__"
+        ".__globals__['__builtins__']['__import__']('os')"
+        ".popen('echo JT_TOML_RCE').read()"
+    )
+    src = tmp_path / "evil.toml"
+    src.write_text(
+        f'[[servers]]\n"{malicious_key}" = "a"\n\n'
+        f'[[servers]]\n"{malicious_key}" = "b"\n',
+        encoding="utf-8",
+    )
+    fmt, parsed = parse_config(src, "toml")
+    loops = analyze_loops(fmt, parsed)
+    flat = flatten_config(fmt, parsed, loops)
+    template = generate_jinja2_template(fmt, parsed, "role", src.read_text(), loops)
+    defaults = pyyaml.safe_load(generate_ansible_yaml("role", flat, loops)) or {}
+
+    assert f"server.{malicious_key}" not in template
+    assert "server.jt_" in template
+    rendered = _render_jinja(template, defaults)
+    assert TRIP not in rendered
+    assert "JT_TOML_RCE" in rendered
+
+
+def test_erb_loop_source_key_cannot_become_ruby_method_call(tmp_path):
+    import shutil
+
+    from jinjaturtle.core import (
+        analyze_loops,
+        flatten_config,
+        generate_erb_template,
+        generate_puppet_hiera_yaml,
+        parse_config,
+    )
+
+    marker = tmp_path / "erb-loop-owned"
+    key = f"instance_eval(%q{{File.write({str(marker)!r}, 'owned')}})"
+    src = tmp_path / "evil.yaml"
+    src.write_text(
+        "servers:\n" f"  - {key!r}: a\n" f"  - {key!r}: b\n",
+        encoding="utf-8",
+    )
+    fmt, parsed = parse_config(src, "yaml")
+    loops = analyze_loops(fmt, parsed)
+    flat = flatten_config(fmt, parsed, loops)
+    erb = generate_erb_template(
+        fmt,
+        parsed,
+        "role",
+        original_text=src.read_text(),
+        loop_candidates=loops,
+        flat_items=flat,
+    )
+    assert "server.instance_eval" not in erb
+    assert "server['jt_" in erb
+
+    ruby = shutil.which("ruby")
+    if ruby is None:
+        pytest.skip("ruby is not installed")
+
+    hiera_path = tmp_path / "hiera.yml"
+    hiera_path.write_text(
+        generate_puppet_hiera_yaml("role", flat, loops), encoding="utf-8"
+    )
+    tpl = tmp_path / "safe.erb"
+    tpl.write_text(erb, encoding="utf-8")
+    run = subprocess.run(
+        [
+            ruby,
+            "-rerb",
+            "-ryaml",
+            "-e",
+            "@servers = YAML.load_file(ARGV[1])['role::servers']; "
+            "puts ERB.new(File.read(ARGV[0]), trim_mode: '-').result(binding)",
+            str(tpl),
+            str(hiera_path),
+        ],
+        capture_output=True,
+        text=True,
+    )
+    assert run.returncode == 0, run.stderr
+    assert not marker.exists()
+
+
+def test_canonical_ini_and_postfix_escape_source_keys():
+    from configparser import ConfigParser
+
+    from jinjaturtle.core import generate_jinja2_template
+
+    parser = ConfigParser()
+    parser.optionxform = str
+    parser.add_section('s_{{ boom.run("ini") }}')
+    parser.set('s_{{ boom.run("ini") }}', "key", "ok")
+    ini_template = generate_jinja2_template("ini", parser, "role", original_text=None)
+    rendered = _render_jinja(
+        ini_template, {"role_s_boom_run_ini_key": "ok", "boom": _Boom()}
+    )
+    assert TRIP not in rendered
+    assert 's_{{ boom.run("ini") }}' in rendered
+
+    postfix_template = generate_jinja2_template(
+        "postfix",
+        {'evil_{{ boom.run("postfix") }}': "ok"},
+        "role",
+        original_text=None,
+    )
+    rendered = _render_jinja(
+        postfix_template,
+        {"role_evil_boom_run_postfix": "ok", "boom": _Boom()},
+    )
+    assert TRIP not in rendered
+    assert 'evil_{{ boom.run("postfix") }}' in rendered
+
+
+def test_template_safety_validator_rejects_future_expression_injection():
+    from jinjaturtle.template_safety import (
+        UnsafeTemplateError,
+        validate_generated_template,
+    )
+
+    with pytest.raises(UnsafeTemplateError):
+        validate_generated_template("{{ item.__class__.__mro__[1] }}")
+    with pytest.raises(UnsafeTemplateError):
+        validate_generated_template("{{ boom.run('x') }}")
+    # Generated field names and loop.last remain allowed.
+    validate_generated_template(
+        "{% for item in role_items %}{{ item.jt_name_82a3537f }}"
+        "{% if not loop.last %},{% endif %}{% endfor %}"
+    )
+
+
+def test_defaults_generation_rejects_colliding_variable_names():
+    from jinjaturtle.core import generate_ansible_yaml
+
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="same variable name"):
+        generate_ansible_yaml("role", [(("a-b",), 1), (("a_b",), 2)])

tests/test_json_handler.py

@@ -143,7 +143,9 @@ def test_json_direct_loop_generation_renders_valid_json_without_joined_objects()
 
     env = Environment(keep_trailing_newline=True)
     env.filters["to_json"] = lambda value, **kwargs: json.dumps(value, **kwargs)
-    rendered = env.from_string(template).render(fact_implementations=items)
+    rendered = env.from_string(template).render(
+        fact_implementations=candidate.safe_items()
+    )
 
     assert "},    {" not in rendered
     assert json.loads(rendered) == parsed

tests/test_multi.py

@@ -123,3 +123,15 @@ def test_process_directory_ini_union_marks_optional_sections_and_keys(tmp_path:
 def test_process_directory_rejects_empty_folder(tmp_path: Path):
     with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="No supported config files"):
         process_directory(tmp_path, recursive=False, role_prefix="role")
+
+
+def test_directory_mode_skips_supported_symlinks(tmp_path: Path):
+    outside = tmp_path / "outside.yaml"
+    outside.write_text("secret: value\n", encoding="utf-8")
+    root = tmp_path / "root"
+    root.mkdir()
+    (root / "real.yaml").write_text("name: ok\n", encoding="utf-8")
+    (root / "link.yaml").symlink_to(outside)
+
+    files = iter_supported_files(root, recursive=False)
+    assert files == [root / "real.yaml"]